Albanofuturizmi dhe vdekja e yjeve
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71398/sa.vi23.7129Abstract
Kjo ese sjell analizën e disa veprave të letërsisë fantastiko-shkencore shqiptare të realizmit socialist në kontekstin e politikave anti-koloniale dhe anti-imperialiste të Shqipërisë nga vitet ’60 e në vijim. Si një zhanër “minor”, letërsia fantastiko-shkencore shqiptare e realizmit socialist ishte në gjendje të shqyrtonte ndërlikimet dhe trajektoret e doktrinës ideologjike shqiptare me njëfarë lirie. Duke përvijuar ngjashmëritë me letërsinë afrofuturiste, autori propozon termin “albanofuturizëm” si një koncept të përgjithshëm për veprat shqiptare të letërsisë fantastiko-shkencore që i trajtojnë hapur këto tematika, si gjatë periudhës socialiste, ashtu edhe pas saj. Së fundi, eseja prezanton konceptin e “vdekjes së yjeve” si emblemë të përsiatjeve albanofuturiste, jo vetëm në lidhje me rezonancat midis politikave anti-koloniale e anti-imperialiste me letërsinë fantastiko-shkencore, por edhe për mundësinë e dështimit dhe të shembjes të tyre.Keywords:
letërsi fantastiko-shkencore, letërsi shqiptare, realizëm socialist, afrofuturizmi, kritikë letrareDownloads
References
-
Banerjee, Anindita. 2018. “T/Racing Revolution between Red October and the Black Atlantic.” In Science Fiction Circuits of the South and East, edited by Anindita Banerjee and Sonja Fritzsche, 23–49. Oxford: Peter Lang.
-
Bastani, Aaron. 2019. Fully Automated Luxury Communism: A Manifesto. London: Verso.
-
Butler, Octavia E. 2000. “The Monophobic Response” (1995). In Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora, edited by Sheree R. Thomas, 415–416. New York: Warner Books.
-
Daragahi, Borzou. 2019. “‘Colombia of Europe’: How Tiny Albania Became the Continent’s Drug Trafficking Headquarters.” The Independent, January 27. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/albania-drug-cannabis-trafficking-hub-europe-adriatic-sea-a8747036.html (accessed September 24, 2025).
-
Derrida, Jacques. 1980. “The Law of Genre.” Translated by Avital Ronell. Critical Inquiry 7: 55–81.
-
Dery, Mark. 1993. “Black to the Future: Interviews with Samuel R. Delany, Greg Tate, and Tricia Rose.” In Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture, edited by Mark Dery, 179–222. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822396765-010.
-
Dilo, Vangjel. 1988. Takim me yjorët e Adës. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
-
Elia, Adriano. 2014. “The Languages of Afrofuturism.” Lingue e Linguaggi 12: 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1285/i22390359v12p83.
-
Gashi, Jonida. 2024. “Back to the Beginning: Lucid Nightmares of the End of History in Armando Lulaj’s TOWARDS.” Paper presented at the 3rd In the Palace ISFF Conference: Short Film in the Balkans and Eastern Europe: Archive, Memory and Transnational Histories, Pernik, Bulgaria, July 4–5.
-
Gkitsa, Dhimitra. 2025. “Chimneys and Electric Wires Conquering the Sky: The Great Transformation of Nature in Socialist Albania.” ARTMargins 14 (2): 84–103. https://doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00414.
-
Holubec, Stanislav. 2022. “Introduction: Imagining the Future as a Culture of Defeat – Eastern and Central European Imagined Futures since 1945.” dějiny–teorie–kritika 1: 9–16.
-
Hoxha, Artan R. 2023. Sugarland: The Transformation of the Countryside in Communist Albania. Budapest: CEU Press.
-
Hysenbegas, Arion. 1983. Drejt Epsilonit të Eridanit. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
-
Hysenbegas, Arion. 1991. Lundrimi im i parë. Tirana: 8 Nëntori.
-
Isto, Raino. 2024. “A Different Narrative of Nonalignment? The Case of Socialist Albania in the Art History and Geography of East-Central Europe.” In Plural and Multiple Geographies of Modern and Contemporary Art in East-Central Europe, edited by Caterina Preda and Magdalena Radomska, 224–240. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003469575-21.
-
Isto, Raino. 2019. “‘I Will Speak in Their Own Language’: Yugoslav Socialist Monuments and Science Fiction.” Extrapolation 70 (3): 299–324. https://doi.org/10.3828/extr.2019.18.
-
Këlliçi, Klejd. 2023. “Albania and Libya: A Distant Cold War Relationship.” Remembrance and Justice 41 (1): 149–165. https://doi.org/10.48261/pis234107.
-
Këlliçi, Klejd. 2021. “The PLO and Communist Albania: Cold War Relations.” Journal of Palestine Studies 50 (4): 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/0377919X.2021.1970965.
-
Kincaid, Paul. 2003. “On the Origins of Genre.” Extrapolation 44 (4): 409–419. https://doi.org/10.3828/extr.2003.44.4.04.
-
Kristo, Alqi. 1972. Shëtitje në kozmos. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
-
Liu, Cixin. 2022. The Wandering Earth. New York: TOR.
-
Marku, Ylber. 2017. “China and Albania: the Cultural Revolution and Cold War Relations.” Cold War History 17 (4): 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2017.1307179.
-
Marku, Ylber. 2020. “Communist Relations in Crisis: The End of Soviet-Albanian Relations, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1961.” The International History Review 42 (4): 813–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2019.1620825.
-
Marku, Ylber. 2022. “Shifting Alliances: Albania in the Early Cold War.” Journal of Cold War Studies 24 (3): 80–115. https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01074.
-
Mëhilli, Elidor. 2018. From Stalin to Mao: Albania and the Socialist World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
-
Molla, Ylli. 2016. Guerilas Made in Albania. Tirana: Botart.
-
Qerama, Thanas. 1981. “Katastrofa e ashensorit qiellor.” In Roboti i pabindur, 102–137. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
-
Reed, Monty. 2019. “The Inside Story of Europe’s First Narco-State.” Vice, June 6. https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-inside-story-of-europes-first-narco-state/.
-
Rickels, Laurence. 2020–2021. Critique of Fantasy. 3 vols. Earth: punctum books.
-
Rieder, John. 2008. Colonialism and the Emergence of Science Fiction. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
-
Robinson, Geoffrey B. 2018. The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
-
Said, Edward. 1971. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage.
-
Sulstarova, Enis. 2022. “The Future of a Stalinist State: Albanian Science Fiction Literature During Communism.” dějiny–teorie–kritika 1: 91–112.
-
Suvin, Darko. 1977. Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
-
Topi, Flamur. 1976. “Dashuria e robotëve.” In Dashuria e robotëve, 65–102. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
-
van Gerven Oei, Vincent W. J. 2015. “The Production of Hrönir: Albanian Socialist Realism and After.” In Workers Leaving the Studio: Looking Away from Socialist Realism, edited by Vincent W. J. van Gerven Oei, 191–207. Earth: punctum books.
-
van Gerven Oei, Vincent W. J. 2025. The Albanian Mechanism. https://thealbanianmechanism.substack.com/ (accessed September 24, 2025).
-
Videkanić, Bojana. 2020. Nonaligned Modernism: Socialist Postcolonial Aesthetics in Yugoslavia, 1945–1985. Montreal: McGill–Queen’s University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxw3pdd.
References
Banerjee, Anindita. 2018. “T/Racing Revolution between Red October and the Black Atlantic.” In Science Fiction Circuits of the South and East, edited by Anindita Banerjee and Sonja Fritzsche, 23–49. Oxford: Peter Lang.
Bastani, Aaron. 2019. Fully Automated Luxury Communism: A Manifesto. London: Verso.
Butler, Octavia E. 2000. “The Monophobic Response” (1995). In Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora, edited by Sheree R. Thomas, 415–416. New York: Warner Books.
Daragahi, Borzou. 2019. “‘Colombia of Europe’: How Tiny Albania Became the Continent’s Drug Trafficking Headquarters.” The Independent, January 27. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/albania-drug-cannabis-trafficking-hub-europe-adriatic-sea-a8747036.html (accessed September 24, 2025).
Derrida, Jacques. 1980. “The Law of Genre.” Translated by Avital Ronell. Critical Inquiry 7: 55–81.
Dery, Mark. 1993. “Black to the Future: Interviews with Samuel R. Delany, Greg Tate, and Tricia Rose.” In Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture, edited by Mark Dery, 179–222. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822396765-010.
Dilo, Vangjel. 1988. Takim me yjorët e Adës. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
Elia, Adriano. 2014. “The Languages of Afrofuturism.” Lingue e Linguaggi 12: 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1285/i22390359v12p83.
Gashi, Jonida. 2024. “Back to the Beginning: Lucid Nightmares of the End of History in Armando Lulaj’s TOWARDS.” Paper presented at the 3rd In the Palace ISFF Conference: Short Film in the Balkans and Eastern Europe: Archive, Memory and Transnational Histories, Pernik, Bulgaria, July 4–5.
Gkitsa, Dhimitra. 2025. “Chimneys and Electric Wires Conquering the Sky: The Great Transformation of Nature in Socialist Albania.” ARTMargins 14 (2): 84–103. https://doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00414.
Holubec, Stanislav. 2022. “Introduction: Imagining the Future as a Culture of Defeat – Eastern and Central European Imagined Futures since 1945.” dějiny–teorie–kritika 1: 9–16.
Hoxha, Artan R. 2023. Sugarland: The Transformation of the Countryside in Communist Albania. Budapest: CEU Press.
Hysenbegas, Arion. 1983. Drejt Epsilonit të Eridanit. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
Hysenbegas, Arion. 1991. Lundrimi im i parë. Tirana: 8 Nëntori.
Isto, Raino. 2024. “A Different Narrative of Nonalignment? The Case of Socialist Albania in the Art History and Geography of East-Central Europe.” In Plural and Multiple Geographies of Modern and Contemporary Art in East-Central Europe, edited by Caterina Preda and Magdalena Radomska, 224–240. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003469575-21.
Isto, Raino. 2019. “‘I Will Speak in Their Own Language’: Yugoslav Socialist Monuments and Science Fiction.” Extrapolation 70 (3): 299–324. https://doi.org/10.3828/extr.2019.18.
Këlliçi, Klejd. 2023. “Albania and Libya: A Distant Cold War Relationship.” Remembrance and Justice 41 (1): 149–165. https://doi.org/10.48261/pis234107.
Këlliçi, Klejd. 2021. “The PLO and Communist Albania: Cold War Relations.” Journal of Palestine Studies 50 (4): 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/0377919X.2021.1970965.
Kincaid, Paul. 2003. “On the Origins of Genre.” Extrapolation 44 (4): 409–419. https://doi.org/10.3828/extr.2003.44.4.04.
Kristo, Alqi. 1972. Shëtitje në kozmos. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
Liu, Cixin. 2022. The Wandering Earth. New York: TOR.
Marku, Ylber. 2017. “China and Albania: the Cultural Revolution and Cold War Relations.” Cold War History 17 (4): 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2017.1307179.
Marku, Ylber. 2020. “Communist Relations in Crisis: The End of Soviet-Albanian Relations, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1961.” The International History Review 42 (4): 813–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2019.1620825.
Marku, Ylber. 2022. “Shifting Alliances: Albania in the Early Cold War.” Journal of Cold War Studies 24 (3): 80–115. https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01074.
Mëhilli, Elidor. 2018. From Stalin to Mao: Albania and the Socialist World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Molla, Ylli. 2016. Guerilas Made in Albania. Tirana: Botart.
Qerama, Thanas. 1981. “Katastrofa e ashensorit qiellor.” In Roboti i pabindur, 102–137. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
Reed, Monty. 2019. “The Inside Story of Europe’s First Narco-State.” Vice, June 6. https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-inside-story-of-europes-first-narco-state/.
Rickels, Laurence. 2020–2021. Critique of Fantasy. 3 vols. Earth: punctum books.
Rieder, John. 2008. Colonialism and the Emergence of Science Fiction. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
Robinson, Geoffrey B. 2018. The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Said, Edward. 1971. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage.
Sulstarova, Enis. 2022. “The Future of a Stalinist State: Albanian Science Fiction Literature During Communism.” dějiny–teorie–kritika 1: 91–112.
Suvin, Darko. 1977. Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Topi, Flamur. 1976. “Dashuria e robotëve.” In Dashuria e robotëve, 65–102. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
van Gerven Oei, Vincent W. J. 2015. “The Production of Hrönir: Albanian Socialist Realism and After.” In Workers Leaving the Studio: Looking Away from Socialist Realism, edited by Vincent W. J. van Gerven Oei, 191–207. Earth: punctum books.
van Gerven Oei, Vincent W. J. 2025. The Albanian Mechanism. https://thealbanianmechanism.substack.com/ (accessed September 24, 2025).
Videkanić, Bojana. 2020. Nonaligned Modernism: Socialist Postcolonial Aesthetics in Yugoslavia, 1945–1985. Montreal: McGill–Queen’s University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxw3pdd.



